1.
Definition
of Management :
a. A
better definition is given by George R Terry who defines management as “a process consisting of planning, organizing,
actuating and controlling performed to determine and accompish the objectives
by the use of people and resources”. Planning
means thingking of manager’s action in advance. The actions of managers are
based on logic, plan or some method rather than hunch. Organizing means coordinating machines, materials and human
resources of the organization. Actuating
means motivating, directing the subordinates. Controlling means that manager must
ensure that there is no deviations from plans. This definition also indicates
that managers use people, materials and other resources to accomplish the
organizations objectives. The objectives may very with each organization.
b. Management
involves coordinating and overseeing the efficient and effective completion of
others’ work activities. Efficiency means doing thing right; effecttiveness
means doing the right things. (Stephen P. Robbins and Mary Coulter, Management
tenth edition, Pearson International edition Hal. 25, USA Canada, 2009)
Planning : a
management function that involves defining goals, establishing strategies for
achieving those goals, and developing plans to integrate and coodinate
activities.
Organizing : a management
function that involves arranging and structuring work to accomplish
organizational goals.
Leading : a
management function that involves working with and trough people to accomplish
organizational goals.
Controlling : a
management function that involves monitoring, comparing, and correcting work
perfomance.
c. Management
is the process of planning, organizing,
leading, and controlling the
efforts of organizations members and of using all availabel organizational
resourches to reach stated
organizational goals. (James Arthur Finch Stoner and R.Edward
Freeman,Management 4th edition,New Jersey, USA 1989).
Planning
implies that the managers think through thier goals and actions in advance.
Their actions are usually based on same method, plan, or logic, rather than on
a huch.
Organizing
means that managers coordinate the human and material resources of the
organization. The effectiveness of an organization depends its ability to marshal
its resources to attain its goals. Obviously,
the more integrated and coordinate the work of an organization, the more
effective it will be. Achieving this coordination is part of the manager’s job.
Leading
describes how managers direct and influence subordinates, getting others to
perform essential tasks. By establishing the proper atmosphere, they help their
souordinates do their best.
Controlling
means that managers attempt to assure that the organization is moving toward
its goals. If some part of their organization is on the wrong track – if it’s
not working toward stated goals or is not doing so effectively – managers try
to find out why and set things right.
d. Management
is The process of working with people and resources to accomplish organizational
goals. (Thomas S. Bateman and Scott A. Snell, Management : The new competitive
landscape 6th edition,hal. 14 Mc Graw Hill, New York, 2004)
2.
Definition
of Coastal Management and Watershed Management :
a.
Coastal
Management
Coastal
Management is an interdisciplinary and intersectoral approach to problem
definition and solutions in the coastal zone.
Integrated
Coastal Management is a process of governance that consists of the legal and
institutional framework necessary to ensure that development and management
plans for coastal zones are integrated with environmental and social goals, and
are developed with the participation of those affected.
Integrated
coastal management (ICM) is an approach to managing a defined coastal area that
understands the coast as a complex and dynamic system that encompasses many
interactions between people and ecosystems, and must be managed as an
integrated whole. It is an ongoing process of formulating, implementing and
refining a comprehensive and holistic vision of how humans should interact in
an ecologically sustainable manner with the coastal environment (Integrated
coastal management law, FAO).
SOME DEFINITIONS OF INTEGRATED
COASTAL MANAGEMENT
"A
dynamic process by which actions are taken for the use, development and protection
of coastal resources and areas to achieve national goals established in
cooperation with user groups and regional and local authorities, In this
definition, integrated management refers to the management of sectoral
components as parts of a functional whole with the explicit recognition that it
is the users of resources, not the stocks of natural resources that are the
focus of management. …″. (FAO Guidelines)
″A
dynamic process in which a co-ordinated strategy is developed and implemented
for the allocation of environmental, socio-cultural and institutional resources
to achieve the conservation and sustainable multiple use of the coastal zone″.
(Campnet 1991)
"A
planning and coordinating process which deals with development management and
coastal resources and which is focussed on the land/water interface″. (Clark
1992)
"ICZM
is a governmental process and consists of the legal and institutional framework
necessary to ensure that development and management plans for coastal zones are
integrated with environmental (including social) goals and are made with the
participation of those affected. The purpose of ICZM is to maximize the
benefits provided by the coastal zone and to minimize the conflicts and harmful
effects of activities upon each other ...″. (Draft Guidelines for Integrated
Coastal Zone Management, World Bank)
″A
dynamic process by which decisions are taken for the use, development and
protection of coastal areas and resources to achieve goals established in
cooperation with user groups and national, regional and local authorities.
Integrated coastal management recognizes the distinctive character of the
coastal zone - itself a valuable resource - for current and future generations.
Integrated coastal management is multiple purpose oriented, it analyses
implications of development, conflicting uses, and interrelationships between
physical processes and human activities, and it promotes linkages and
harmonisation between sectoral coastal and ocean activities″. (Knecht 1979, p.
186.)
"At
minimum, any definition should include the integration of programs and plans
for economic development and environmental quality management, and more
specifically the integration of cross-sectoral plans for fisheries, energy,
transportation, waste disposal, tourism, etc. ICM should also include the
vertical integration of responsibilities for management actions among various
levels of government - international, national, state, and local - or between
the public and private sectors. It should include all the components of
management - from the planning tasks of analysis and design, to the
implementation tasks of installation operation and maintenance, monitoring and
evaluation of strategies over time. ICM should be cross
disciplinary among the sciences, engineering (technology) economics, political
science (institutions), and law. In practice, it is all of the above.″ (Bower
et al. 1992.)
"The
primary aim of coastal zone management is to provide guidelines for decision
makers on the way in which demands for numerous activities can be met without
unreasonably disturbing either the balance of the natural systems of the right
of all members of the community to use and enjoy the coast″. (Report of the Australian
House of Representatives Standing Committee on the Management of the Coastal
Zone)
b.
Watershed
Management
Watershed
Management is Application of business methods and technical principles to the
handling of renewable resources in a watershed to assure maximum supplies of useable water, desirable
waterflow, prevention and control of erosion and the reduction of flood
sediment damages (society of American Foresters, 1958)
Watershed management is one
part of natural resources management or the development and administration of a
country to satisfy the needs of present and future human residents (Hewlet,
1969).
Watershed
Management Overview
(Source : http://www.ct.gov/deep/cwp/view.asp?a=2719&q=325622&deepNav_GID=1654
)
What is
a Watershed?
Every body of water (e.g., rivers, lakes, ponds,
streams, and estuaries) has a watershed. The watershed is the area of land that
drains or sheds water into a specific receiving waterbody, such as a lake or a
river. As rainwater or melted snow runs downhill in the watershed, it collects
and transports sediment and other materials and deposits them into the
receiving waterbody.
What is
Watershed Management?
Watershed management is a term used to describe the
process of implementing land use practices and water management practices to
protect and improve the quality of the water and other natural resources within
a watershed by managing the use of those land and water resources in a
comprehensive manner.
What is
Watershed Management Planning?
Watershed management planning is a process that
results in a plan or a blueprint of how to best protect and improve the water
quality and other natural resources in a watershed. Very often, watershed
boundaries extend over political boundaries into adjacent municipalities and/or
states. That is why a comprehensive planning process that involves all affected
municipalities located in the watershed is essential to successful watershed
management.
Why is
watershed management important?
Runoff from rainwater or snowmelt can contribute
significant amounts of pollution into the lake or river. Watershed management
helps to control pollution of the water and other natural resources in the
watershed by identifying the different kinds of pollution present in the
watershed and how those pollutants are transported, and recommending ways to
reduce or eliminate those pollution sources.
All activities that occur within a watershed will
somehow affect that watershed’s natural resources and water quality. New land
development, runoff from already-developed areas, agricultural activities, and
household activities such as gardening/lawn care, septic system
use/maintenance, water diversion and car maintenance all can affect the quality
of the resources within a watershed. Watershed management planning
comprehensively identifies those activities that affect the health of the
watershed and makes recommendations to properly address them so that adverse
impacts from pollution are reduced.
Watershed management is also important because the
planning process results in a partnership among all affected parties in the
watershed. That partnership is essential to the successful management of the
land and water resources in the watershed since all partners have a stake in
the health of the watershed. It is also an efficient way to prioritize the
implementation of watershed management plans in times when resources may be
limited.
Because watershed boundaries do not coincide with
political boundaries, the actions of adjacent municipalities upstream can have
as much of an impact on the downstream municipality’s land and water resources
as those actions carried out locally. Impacts from upstream sources can
sometimes undermine the efforts of downstream municipalities to control
pollution. Comprehensive planning for the resources within the entire
watershed, with participation and commitment from all municipalities in the
watershed, is critical to protecting the health of the watershed’s resources.
3.
Compare
about : Goals, Objective, aim and purpose
a.
Goals : a desired result a person or a system envisions, plans and commits to achieve a personal or
organizational desired end-point in some sort of assumed development. Many
people endeavor to reach goals within a finite time by setting deadlines.
b.
Objective : something that one's
efforts or actions are intended to attain or accomplish.
c.
Aim : to intend or direct for a particular effect.
d.
Purpose : The object toward which one strives or for
which something exists.
4.
Why
do we need planning?
Planning is one of the most important project management and time
management techniques. Planning is preparing a sequence of action steps to
achieve some specific goal. If you do it effectively, you can reduce much the
necessary time and effort of achieving the goal.
A plan is like a map. When following a plan, you can always see
how much you have progressed towards your project goal and how far you are from
your destination. Knowing where you are is essential for making good decisions
on where to go or what to do next.
One more reason why you need planning is again the 80/20 Rule. It
is well established that for unstructured activities 80 percent of the effort
give less than 20 percent of the valuable outcome. You either spend much time
on deciding what to do next, or you are taking many unnecessary, unfocused, and
inefficient steps.
Planning is also crucial for meeting your needs during each action
step with your time, money, or other resources. With careful planning you often
can see if at some point you are likely to face a problem. It is much easier to
adjust your plan to avoid or smoothen a coming crisis, rather than to deal with
the crisis when it comes unexpected. (http://www.time-management-guide.com/planning.html)
5.
Protected
area for coastal and watershed from regulation
Protected
River Area :
Sempadan
Sungai adalah Kawasan sepanjang kiri kanan sungai, termasuk sungai
buatan/kanal/saluran irigasi primer, yang mempunyai manfaat penting untuk
mempertahankan kelestarian fungsi sungai. (Keppres No.32 / 1990)
Kriteria
sempadan sungai adalah:
a. Sekurang-kurangnya
100 meter dari kiri kanan sungai besar dan 50 meter di kiri kanan anak sungai
yang berada diluar pemukiman.
b. Untuk
sungai di kawasan pemukiman berupa sempadan sungai yang diperkirakan cukup
untuk dibangun jalan inspeksi antara 10 - 15 meter.
Protected
Coastal Area : (berdasarkan UU Republik Indonesia No.27 tahun 2007 tentang
Pengelolaan Wilayah Pesisir dan Pulau Pulau Kecil)
Sempadan Pantai adalah daratan sepanjang tepian yang
lebarnya proporsional dengan bentuk dan kondisi fisik
pantai, minimal 100 (seratus) meter dari titik pasang
tertinggi ke arah darat.
6.
Choose
and description one of style of planning, how about caracteristic and give an
example.
Spatial
planning is concerned with “the problem of coordination or integration of the
spatial dimension of sectoral policies through a territorially-based strategy”
(Cullingworth and Nadin, 2006: 91). More complex than simple land-use
regulation, it addresses the tensions and contradictions among sectoral
policies, for example for conflicts between economic development, environmental
and social cohesion policies. The key role of spatial planning is to promote a
more rational arrangement of activities and to reconcile competing policy
goals. The scope of spatial planning differs greatly from one country to
another, but most share a number of similarities. In almost all countries,
spatial planning is concerned with identifying long- or medium-term objectives
and strategies for territories, dealing with land use and physical development
as a distinct sector of government activity, and coordinating sectoral policies
such as transport, agriculture and environment (Koresawa and Konvitz, 2001).
Source
: SPATIAL PLANNING, Key Instrument for Development and Effective Governance
with Special Reference to Countries in Transition, UNITED NATIONS New York and
Geneva, 2008.
Characteristics
of spatial planning
Man
and his well-being as well as his interaction with the environment are the
central concern of regional/spatial planning, its aims being to provide each individual
with an environment and quality of life conducive to the development of his
personality in surroundings planned on a human scale.
Regional/spatial
planning should be democratic, comprehensive, functional and long-term
oriented:
·
democratic:
it should be conducted in such a way as to ensure the participation of the
people concerned and their political representatives;
·
comprehensive:
it should ensure the co-ordination of various sectoral policies and integrate
them in an overall approach;
·
functional:
it needs to take into account the existence of a regional consciousness based
on common values, culture and interests, sometimes crossing administrative and
territorial boundaries, without overlooking the institutional arrangements of
different countries;
·
long-term:
it should analyse and take into consideration long-term trends and development.
It should be oriented to address economic, social, cultural, ecological and
environmental phenomena and interventions.
source : The Concept of
Regional/Spatial Planning
http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/heritage/cemat/concept_en.asp
